Gevey translations: interlinear glossing codes

For each interlinear gloss, the following codes (derived from the Leipzig Glossing Rules and adapted to meet the specific needs of the language) are used to identify the parts of speech. The glosses ignore sandhi changes and vowel accents.

Objects

All objects show their number:

• SG - singular (unmarked, shown as ø in the first line)
• PC - paucal
• PL - plural

All objects show their status:

• INAN - inanimate status
• SIMA - simple animate status
• INTA - internal animate status
• EXTA - external animate status

Nominative objects give details about whether they are acting as agents or patients, and also show whether they are causative or applicative objects:

• [NOM.CAUS.A] - causative agent
• [NOM.CAUS.P] - causative patient
• [NOM.APPL.A] - applicative agent (very rare)
• [NOM.APPL.P] - applicative patient

Accusative and oblique objects don't need to show agent/patient or causative/applicative distinctions. Because accusatives and, on occasion, some oblique objects use the dissociated noun case, both the stem and the complex are marked as accusative/oblique, but the stem marking is shown in square brackets:

• ACC and [ACC]

Oblique objects also need to show what sort of oblique suffix they take:

• DAT (or [DAT]) - motive, dative
• LOC (or [LOC]) - spatial, locative
• DUR (or [DUR]) - temporal, durative
• OBL (or [OBL]) - systemic, instrumental, oblique

Genetive objects and modifying objects are marked accordingly:

• GEN - genitive
• MOD - modifier

Prepositions are translated rather than being glossed specifically as prepositions. The following object will have a hyphen to show the preposition is prefixed to it.

loif-e-ø			
man[NOM.CAUS.A]-SIMA-SG

moq-u-ø			
gun[NOM.APPL.P]-INAN-SG

y-e-c        galn			
ACC-SIMA-PL  person[ACC]

ko    -moq-u-s-ø			
with  gun-INAN-OBL-SG

Actions

For principal verbs in the active voice show the verb's conjugation and tense, and the subject's status and number joined by a dot (as they are fused). For principal verbs in the incidental or stative voice, the tense and subject are shown on the auxillary while the principle verb is marked as the participle showing its conjugation. Codes for conjugation and tense are:

• FUT - future tense
• PRS - present tense
• PST - past tense
• HST - historic tense
• ATYPE - primary, or a-type conjugation
• OTYPE - secondary, or o-type conjugation
• ITYPE - tertiary, or i-type conjugation
• AUX - auxillary verb
• PART - participle
• AUXPART - auxillary participle

slotj-i-tj-o
visit-ITYPE-HST-EXTA.SG

se-dj-o          slotj-i-nti
AUX-HST-EXTA.SG  visit-ITYPE-PART

Verb design codes:

• INF - infinitive design
• IMP - imperative design
• ANOM - anominative design
• SUBS - subsidiary design

Action particles are translated rather than glossed.

Modifiers

For active modifiers (ie adverbs), include details of the verb's conjugation and tense. For all other modifiers (except object cardinal numbers which are just translated) show the modifier infix and object status and number. The infix codes are:

• SIMPLE - simple
• COMPLE - complement
• EQUALI - equalitative
• COMPAR - comparative
• SUPERL - superlative
• HYPERL - hyperlative
• DIMINU - diminutive
• SELECT - selective
• EXCESS - excessive
• ADV - active (ie adverb)

tint-ix-u-m
red-SIMPLE-INAN-PC

fints-a-n-ei
lastly-ATYPE-FUT-ADV

Structural words

Impersonal pronouns are generally just translated, but can be marked to show whether they're demonstrative or locative:

• [PRON.DEM] - demonstrative pronouns
• [PRON.LOC] - locative pronoun

Conjunctions at the start of a clause are marked for their type of conjunction. Listing conjunctions are just translated:

• [CONJ] - most conjunction groups
• [PRED] - predicative conjunction that triggers tertiary conjugation
• [REL] - relative conjunctions (of all types)

When a clause is tethered the subject status marker is marked on the conjunction:

al
and[CONJ]

al-e-g
and[CONJ]-SIMA-FOCPRO

al-e-qj
and[CONJ]-SIMA-FOCDEM

Personal pronouns are generally transcribed as-is, with their case (and for nominative pronouns, their number) shown in square brackets. They can however be glossed to show their person, number and station in square brackets, followed by status and case - which in some cases will be joined by a dot to show the suffix is heading towards fusionality:

• 1 - first person
• 2 - second person
• 3 - third person
• SG - singular
• PC - paucal
• PL - plural
• FORM - formal register
• GENR - general register
• INFR - informal register

Particular pronoun cases include:

• RFLEX - reflexive exclusive
• RFLIN - reflexive inclusive
• PREDIC - predicative

te
I[NOM.SG]
t-e
I[1SG.GENR]-SIMA.NOM

mizelj
we[NOM.PC]
mizelj
we[1PC.GENR.SIMA.NOM]

tiy
me[ACC]
t-iy
me[1SG.GENR]-SIMA.ACC

ten
my[GEN]
t-e-n
my[1SG.GENR]-SIMA-GEN

tes
me[OBL]
t-e-s
me[1SG.GENR]-SIMA-OBL

tekh
myself[RFLEX]
t-e-kh
myself[1SG.GENR]-SIMA-RFLEX

tete
myself[REFIN]
t-e-te
myself[1SG.GENR]-SIMA-RFLIN

telt
me[PREDIC]
t-e-lt
me[1SG.GENR]-SIMA-PREDIC

Focus markers:

• FOCPRO - focus promoter (ga)
• FOCDEM - focus demoter (qja)
• FOCINT - focus intensifier (ra)

Example:

denevljefraeljem vilue rud dxinsokitculjs laez gamec tcaompun feeg ye dostcisem gotatjee

dene    -vljefraelj-e-ø-m      vilue  rut  dxinsokitc-u-ljs-ø  laes  gam-e-c
during  grandsons-SIMA-DUR-PC  four   of   age-INAN-DUR-SG     all   people[NOM.CAUS.A]-SIMA-PL

tcaomp-u-n-ø       feeg  y-e-ø        dostcisem      got-a-tj-ee
world-INAN-GEN-SG  same  ACC-SIMA-SG  language[ACC]  spoke-ATYPE-HIST-SIMA.PL

During the age of the Four Grandsons all the people of the world spoke the same language